The Misunderstood Language of Dogs: How Understanding Canine Communication Keeps Families Safe

Understanding the subtle signs of stress can save a child from a bite and keep a dog in its home, as pet journalist Caroline Zambrano discovers.

Ali, a vet nurse from Victoria, was shocked when her much-loved Border Collie, Moose, bit her 10-month-old son, Thomas, who had recently become mobile.

What Ali initially thought was "out of the blue", she realised afterwards was actually weeks of Moose showing subtle signs of discomfort toward her crawling baby.

"Being a vet nurse, I have always had the thought to ‘never fully trust a dog,’ but you never think your own dog would be the one to bite a child," she said.

Fortunately, the bite wasn’t serious. But it changed the way Ali watched her dog’s behaviour. It all came down to understanding her dog's body language and recognising the warning signs of discomfort before a situation could escalate.

This is not just an important message for the safety of children, but for people and pets alike, especially as we see increased public interaction with dogs in parks, cafes, and community spaces.

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), dog-related injuries resulted in 9,542 hospitalisations in Australia in 2021–22. Adults aged 25–44 and 45–64 made up the majority of these hospitalisations (29% and 28% respectively).

While only 6% of injury hospitalisations due to contact with a dog were for children aged 0–4, over half (61%) of all injury hospitalisations due to contact with animals for this age group were due to being bitten or struck by a dog. AIHW data also shows hospitalisation rates resulting from dog bites have more than doubled over the past decade.

Recent safety campaigns from South Australia's Department for Environment and Water, Gold Coast City Council, and Australia Post have highlighted the need for greater public awareness around safe interactions with dogs. Following Australia Post's controversial rollout of deterrents to delivery workers, pet advocates have stressed that citronella spray use on dogs is not a long-term solution for behavioural issues.

Partners in Training: TV host & author Lara Shannon
with her dogs Darcy and Vindi (Image: Supplied)

National animal welfare charity and advocacy group Companion Animal Network Australia (CANA) has joined forces with its Ambassador Lara Shannon to help educate children and adults about safe interactions with dogs as part of responsible pet ownership.

Lara is a certified dog trainer, pet behaviour and nutrition specialist, author, and presenter of Channel 10's Pooches at Play. Through her work with dog owners around Australia, she helps people better understand canine behaviour and communication.

"Public education helps people recognise canine body language, understand when a dog needs space, and make safer choices around dogs. The more we understand dogs, the better equipped we are to prevent incidents before they happen," says Lara.

 "Dogs communicate long before they bite. Behaviour is communication, and when we understand it, we can change the outcome."

The Hidden Cost of Dog Bites

Every dog bite has two victims. For the person involved, the consequences can include physical injuries, fear, and lasting emotional trauma. For the dog, it can be life-changing too.

"Depending on the severity, dogs may face restrictions, behavioural assessments, complaints, rehoming, or surrender. In some cases, they may even be euthanised," explains Lara. 

"Many dogs involved in bite incidents are not ‘bad dogs.’ They are dogs whose communication was missed or misunderstood.”

Understanding dog behaviour helps owners recognise stress, fear, and discomfort before situations escalate.

"When people know how to respond appropriately, they can prevent incidents, strengthen their relationship with their dog, and seek help early if needed. Ultimately, this can help prevent surrender and euthanasia," she adds.

Signs Dogs Give Before They Bite

Contrary to popular belief, most dog bites don't come out of nowhere.

"What appears to be a sudden bite is often the final stage of a conversation the dog has been trying to have for some time," says Lara. "Dogs usually give multiple warning signs through body language before biting, but those signals can be subtle and are often missed, misunderstood, or ignored.”

Common warning signs include:

• Lip licking when no food is present
• Yawning when not tired
• Turning the head away
• Avoiding eye contact
• Whale eye (when the whites of the eyes become visible)
• Ears pinned back
• Freezing or becoming still
• Moving away
• A tucked tail

Recognising these twelve common signs of dog anxiety and distress can help you intervene safely before a situation escalates. (Image: Supplied / Cooper and Kids)

"These subtle signals are a dog's way of asking for space before they feel the need to escalate their communication," she adds.

A range of situations can trigger stress or discomfort in dogs, including unfamiliar people, rough handling, crowded environments, loud noises, other dogs, being approached while resting or eating, or situations where they feel trapped and unable to move away.

“People often expect dogs to tolerate situations that make them uncomfortable. They ignore early warning signs, force interactions, yell at their dogs, and push them beyond their threshold, sometimes overwhelming them with children, strangers, or busy environments,” she says.

“Sometimes advocating for your dog means giving them space, saying no to interaction, or removing them from a situation before they feel the need to react.”

Part of being a responsible pet owner is not just taking care of your dog, but also looking out for the wider community.

“Keeping dogs on lead where required helps owners maintain control in unpredictable situations and avoid unwanted interactions,” says Lara. “Not everyone enjoys being approached by an unfamiliar dog, regardless of their intentions, and not every dog wants to be approached either.”

What to Do if a Dog Shows Signs of Stress

• Stop approaching. Give the dog space.
• Avoid staring directly at the dog or patting them on the head.
• Don't attempt to hug or restrain them.
• Allow the dog to move away and respect their choice to disengage.
• Always ask the owner before interacting.

Pain or an underlying medical issue can also lower a dog's tolerance and affect behaviour, which is why Lara recommends a veterinary check if a dog suddenly shows behavioural changes. If a medical cause is ruled out, it's best to seek help from a qualified trainer or behaviour professional as early as possible.

“If your dog is showing signs of fear, anxiety, stress, growling, snapping, or reactivity, or if you're unsure how to manage a situation safely, don't wait for it to escalate,” she says. “Early intervention often leads to better outcomes for both the dog and their family.”

Lara recommends seeking help from qualified dog trainers who use evidence-based, positive reinforcement methods, are committed to ongoing professional development, and belong to a reputable professional organisation, such as the Delta Institute, Pet Professional Guild Australia (PPGA), and Association of Pet Dog Trainers Australia (APDTA).

Kids and Dogs: Understanding the Risk

Respectful Connection: Family Paws Educator Mel Ritterman with her kids and her two Golden Retrievers, Cooper and Scout. (Image: Supplied / Cooper and Kids)

While dog bite prevention is important for everyone, children are among the most vulnerable groups, according to Mel Ritterman, founder of Cooper and Kids, Family Paws Educator, and certified Family Dog Mediator.

Mel specialises in helping families build safer relationships between children and dogs. She notes that children are at greater risk of dog bites because they often behave in ways dogs find confusing, overwhelming, or threatening.

"Young children move unpredictably, make sudden noises, have little understanding of personal space, and are naturally curious about dogs," she says. "At the same time, they are still learning how to recognise when a dog is uncomfortable and may miss important warning signs."

Another major risk factor is physical proximity.

“Children frequently place their faces close to dogs, hug them, climb on them or approach them while they are sleeping or resting,” says Mel.

“Unfortunately, this increases the likelihood of a bite if a dog feels worried, frightened, trapped or uncomfortable. Most dogs that bite are not aggressive dogs. They are often dogs who are simply trying to cope with a situation they find difficult."

High-Risk Situations for Kids and Dogs

• Approaching a dog while they are sleeping or resting.
• Interacting with a dog while they are eating or chewing a high-value item or toy.
• Hugging, kissing, grabbing, climbing on, riding or restraining dogs.
• Picking their dog up.
• Putting faces close to a dog's face.
• Cornering or trapping a dog.
• Crawling babies and newly walking toddlers approaching dogs.
• High-energy play where children become loud, fast or unpredictable.
• Situations where a dog cannot move away if they feel uncomfortable.

Tolerance is Not Enjoyment

One of the biggest misconceptions Mel encounters is the belief that because a dog tolerates something, they are comfortable with it.

"I hear this all the time, 'It's okay, my dog tolerates my child'," she explains. "Many dogs are incredibly patient. They tolerate hugs, climbing, chasing and handling because they have learned they have no choice."

"But tolerance is very different from enjoyment, and eventually, they may no longer tolerate it."

Spot the Difference: The top row highlights dogs genuinely enjoying an interaction, while the bottom row shows dogs merely tolerating contact while displaying clear warning signs of stress. (Image: Supplied / Cooper and Kids)

Instead, Mel encourages families to ask a simple question: "Does my dog actually want to be involved in this interaction?"

“Our goal shouldn’t be to teach dogs to tolerate children. It should be helping dogs feel safe, comfortable, happy, and respected around children,” she says.

Supervision is another concept that is frequently misunderstood.

"Being in the same room is not supervision," says Mel. "Active supervision means watching the interaction, understanding dog body language, looking for signs of discomfort, knowing when and how to intervene positively and safely, and being close enough to step in immediately if needed."

If active supervision isn't possible, management strategies like baby gates, playpens, and separate safe spaces become vital tools.

"I often tell families that management is not failure. Management is prevention,” she says.

Safe Management: A retractable baby gate creates a secure boundary, allowing dogs and mobile toddlers to comfortably share a space without direct physical pressure.

One simple way parents can help children understand dogs is by bodily narrating what they see:

• “Look, he’s walked away. He wants some space.”
• “She’s resting on her bed. Let’s let her relax.”
• “He looks uncomfortable, so let’s help him.”

Of course, this will look different depending on the child’s age and developmental stage. While older kids can begin learning about body language and boundaries directly, younger children need adults to do the interpreting and advocating for them.

“Modelling and leading by example is key,” says Mel.

Even if your dog appears comfortable being hugged or kissed by you, it doesn't mean they will feel the same way about a child doing it. Teaching children what not to do is important, but we should also show them what they can do instead.

Mel encourages children to ask a dog's guardian before approaching or patting a dog. However, permission from the adult is only part of the picture. Children should also be taught to respect the dog's body language and understand that not every dog wants to interact with strangers.

Families can learn more through Cooper & Kids' free "Tap, Pat, Pause" resource, which teaches children how to safely greet unfamiliar dogs.

“Rather than constantly saying 'no', parents can guide children toward safe, positive interactions such as tossing treats for the dog, helping with training, participating in enrichment activities, or simply observing and learning about their dog's body language. This helps children build empathy, confidence, and a positive relationship with their dog,” says Mel.

“Ultimately, our goal is not just to prevent bites. It is to help children and dogs build safe, respectful, and positive relationships that can last a lifetime.”

Five Golden Rules for Kids and Dogs

1. Never disturb a dog that is sleeping, eating, or resting.

2. Let dogs choose whether they want to interact.

3. Give dogs a safe space where they can retreat undisturbed.

4. Teach children to respect a dog that walks away.

5. Always actively supervise interactions between children and dogs.

Moose and Thomas’ Story

Early Days: Baby Thomas flanked by Moose (left) and Rogue (right) as a newborn.
(Image: Supplied)

For Ali, these lessons became very real after Moose bit her son, Thomas. Seeking answers, she turned to Mel, who reviewed video footage of the incident and helped identify several subtle warning signs that had gone unnoticed at the time.

There was no growling, barking, or other dramatic display.

"The warning signs were present, but they were subtle," says Mel.

Looking back, Ali can now see behaviours she didn't fully understand at the time.

"Moose was often giving us a wide berth if Thomas was on the floor or crawling around," she says. "I also, unfortunately, missed the side-eye that he was giving Thomas right before the bite incident."

Partners in Crime & Complex Companions: While independent black-and-white Border Collie Rogue (left) loves spending time as toddler Thomas's partner in crime, toy-obsessed chocolate Border Collie Moose (right) proved more anxious around a crawling toddler, highlighting the importance of recognising subtle behavioural changes. (Image: Supplied)

For Mel, the case highlights one of the most important lessons in dog bite prevention: recognising the subtle signs before a dog feels the need to escalate its communication.

Since working with Mel, Ali's family has introduced new management strategies designed to keep both Thomas and Moose safe.

"Moose and Thomas do still have interactions, but they are completely supervised and there is never any opportunity for Moose to bite Thomas. We have been able to find a happy balance, and both Moose and Thomas are still very happy," she says.

“This has taught me that you can never be too cautious, and underscores the importance of properly introducing your fur babies to your human babies."

Prevention Starts with People

The good news is that most dog bites are preventable. By learning to recognise canine body language, respecting a dog's need for space, and seeking help early when concerns arise, people can help create safer interactions for everyone involved.

"Dog bites are preventable, and prevention starts with people," says Lara. "Knowing the signs helps keep people safe and pets in homes."

CANA's Dog Bite Prevention Checklist

• Learn canine body language.
• Recognise triggers.
• Respect a dog's need for space.
• Actively supervise children and dogs.
• Always ask the owner's permission before approaching or patting a dog.
• Use positive reinforcement methods.
• Seek help early.
• Rule out pain and illness.

For more information on dog behaviour and bite prevention, visit Lara's training and behaviour articles at Pooches at Play. Families can also access free resources and online education programs through Cooper and Kids. To download CANA's Dog Bite Prevention Poster and access other responsible pet ownership resources, visit the CANA website. Check your local council website for local safety campaigns and dog ownership requirements in your area.

🎓 Related Stories & Event Updates

• 2026 Event PPGA Pet Training Conference Returns for 2026!
  The Pet Professional Guild Australia's highly anticipated biennial conference is heading to Sydney this September. Read our full preview on the world-class international keynote speakers, practical workshops, and scientific sessions.
• Dog Parenting & Attachment Science in Behaviour Change
  Explore how the bond between you and your dog influences their emotional regulation, coping mechanisms, and overall training success.
• Warning about Cute Pets & Kids Posts on Social Media
  Social media is flooded with viral clips of children interacting with pets, but many actually show highly stressed animals. Learn how to recognise the subtle signs before a tragedy occurs.
• What is the Right Age for Kids to Have a Dog?
  Thinking of adding a four-legged friend to your family? Discover the essential factors to consider regarding your child's age, development, and responsibility to ensure a safe and harmonious household.

Why ‘Take Your Dog to Work Day’ is Good for Business (and How to Prepare)

With Take Your Dog to Work Day coming up on Friday, 26 June 2026, workplaces across Australia are being encouraged to embrace the initiative as a fun, practical way to boost office morale, connection, and overall wellbeing.

Australia is officially a nation of pet lovers, with 7.7 million households now owning at least one pet—and dogs holding prime position in 49% of our homes. [¹] For many employees, four-legged companions are true members of the family, and introducing them to the office for a day can create a lighter, warmer, and more collaborative work environment.

The Power of the Office Pup

One of Australia’s most recognised veterinarians and pet experts, Dr Katrina Warren, notes that dogs have a profound effect on human emotion and stress levels, especially when introduced into shared spaces thoughtfully.

“Dogs have a wonderful ability to bring people together,” says Dr Katrina. “They help break the ice, encourage people to pause, start conversations, and naturally foster a more relaxed atmosphere. Take Your Dog to Work Day is a lovely opportunity for workplaces to celebrate the unique bond Australians share with their pets.” 

The logic isn't just anecdotal; it's backed by local data. Australian education settings are already demonstrating how dogs support emotional wellbeing. According to Dogs Connect, an organisation implementing therapy dogs in schools nationwide, 92% of students surveyed felt more relaxed during teaching and learning time when a dog was present in the classroom. [²] 

Furthermore, Monash University research into school-based therapy dogs confirmed these programs positively impact emotional, physical, academic, and social wellbeing. [³]

Prioritising the 'Pawsitive' Prep

While the benefits are clear, Dr Katrina warns that the key to a successful dog-friendly day lies entirely in the preparation.

“A successful dog-friendly day starts well before the dogs actually arrive,” she notes. “Business owners need to set simple, transparent guidelines, ensure all staff are comfortable, designate specific dog-free zones, and provide clear expectations so everyone can enjoy the day.”

Part of that workplace planning involves opening up a dialogue with participating staff to discuss breeds, temperaments, energy levels, and general behaviour.

“Not every dog will thrive in a busy office environment. For some pets, the unfamiliar sounds, constant movement, and new faces can feel overwhelming or stressful. In those cases, the kindest choice an owner can make is to let them stay relaxed at home.” 

Workplaces should also map out the practical details beforehand—ensuring adequate access to water bowls, outdoor toilet break areas, and quiet spaces. Key communal areas like kitchens or client-facing meeting rooms should ideally remain completely dog-free.

Training and Essential Checklist

It’s not just business owners who need to prep; pet owners should ensure their dogs are ready for office etiquette. Practising basic training beforehand—like teaching your dog to calmly lie on a mat or bed on cue—will make a world of difference.

“The office is full of exciting new stimuli, so it helps immensely if visiting dogs are already comfortable being out and about in public,” says Dr Katrina. “Pack a 'go-bag' with familiar items like a favourite blanket, treats, a water bowl, and plenty of waste bags. The goal is a feel-good day for staff, businesses, and their four-legged visitors alike.”

Ultimately, participation should always be voluntary. Businesses must remain mindful of staff who may have allergies or feel nervous around dogs. Establishing clear boundaries ensures that everyone can choose their own level of interaction on the day.

Dr Katrina Warren’s Top Tips for a Smooth Office Day:

• Set expectations early: Inform all staff of the plan ahead of time, outlining where dogs are allowed and what owners need to bring.
• Make it a team effort: Encourage participating owners to chat beforehand about their dogs' personalities and specific needs.
• Establish dog-free zones: Create clear boundaries so staff who prefer not to interact with dogs have plenty of space.
• Match the dog to the day: Honestly assess whether your dog will enjoy the hustle and bustle, or if they’d prefer a quiet day at home.
• Pack the essentials: Don't forget a lead, a comfortable mat, treats, food, a water bowl, and waste bags.
• Plan regular mini-breaks: Schedule short outdoor walks throughout the day so dogs can stretch, go to the toilet, and reset.
• Keep introductions calm: Let dogs approach people and other pets at their own pace, avoiding overwhelming them with too much sudden attention.
• Keep it fun: Consider leaning into the theme with an office photo board, a dog-friendly morning tea, a 'best-dressed bandana' competition, or a small fundraising activity for animal welfare.

Supported by RSPCA Pet Insurance. Read our recent coverage on the brand's new 2026 product launch and underwriting changes here.

References:

1. Animal Medicines Australia, Pets in Australia: A national survey of pets and people 2025, published September 2025.
2. Dogs Connect, Therapy Dogs for Schools | Wellbeing Dogs, accessed June 2026.
3. Baird, R., Berger, E., Grové, C. & Chua, Z., Therapy dogs and school wellbeing: A qualitative study, Monash University research repository, 2023.

🐾 Expand Your Knowledge: Dogs at Work Hub

Planning a pet-friendly office space or looking for more expert training strategies? Dive into our comprehensive guides to set your workplace up for success:

👉 Workplace Etiquette: Hands-On Trainer Tips for the Office

From incorporating dog mat training in 3 simple steps into your schedule to handling interactions when multiple dogs arrive at the desk, explore Melbourne trainer Adriana Milne's essential breakdown for setting up your dog's office siesta space safely.

👉 The Big Picture: Designing the Ideal Pet-Friendly Future Office

Discover Mars Petcare and RMIT University's ground-breaking concepts for commercial floor plans, including architectural solutions like dedicated "no-pet carpet" technology and under-desk lighting systems.

5 Ways to Keep Your Dog Happy While Working From Home

As the year-end whirlwind spins up, many of us find ourselves chained to our desks, screens flickering late into the night. While we’re lost in deadlines and meetings, there’s one silent observer whose entire world revolves around us: our dog.

For them, the extra-long working day isn't just an inconvenience—it's a sudden, confusing shift in their routine, often leaving them feeling a little lonely or restless. As canine companions who have co-evolved with us, their need for connection and stimulation doesn't disappear when our inbox fills up. 

Expert canine behaviourist and force-free trainer Sarah Rutten explains the critical importance of acknowledgement:

“A dog’s needs don’t vanish when work gets busy, and unmet needs are the biggest contributors to anxiety and reactive behaviours.”

The good news? You don't need hours to make a difference. Sarah assures busy owners that just a few purposeful moments each day can profoundly transform your dog's well-being and bring a much-needed dose of joy back into your shared life.

"It doesn't take much—just small, consistent efforts to connect with your dog and stimulate them physically and mentally make a big difference," Sarah says.

Here are Sarah's 5 heartfelt ways to keep your pup's tail wagging, even when your schedule is packed:

1. Feed Their Brain, Not Just Their Belly

Imagine eating every meal from the same plain bowl—it's boring! 

Our dogs have natural foraging and hunting instincts, and making them "work" for their food is a powerful boredom reliever. 

Turn mealtime into a mental workout:

• Scatter food in the grass or around the house.

• Use a snuffle mat or a food puzzle.

• Smear a tasty, dog-safe treat on a lick mat (great for calming them down!).

"Providing your dog with opportunities to sniff and work their brain can tire them out as much as a walk," Sarah explains. This easy switch taps into their natural drives and gives their mind a real job to do while you’re away.

2. The Gift of Midday Movement: Hire a Trusted Walker

When back-to-back meetings make it impossible to give your dog the proper outdoor time they need, don't let their need for movement and socialisation be overlooked. A trusted dog walker is a true lifeline. 

They ensure your pup gets an invigorating break, keeping them exercised, content, and far less likely to develop that restless, pent-up energy that leads to stress. It's a key investment in their quality of life.

3. Tune Out the Silence with Calming Music

An empty house can feel isolating, especially for dogs prone to separation anxiety. A surprisingly simple solution can help fill the gap of your presence: calming music. 

Background tunes, especially classical or specially designed dog calming playlists, help dogs settle down and feel less alone. It’s a gentle, constant comfort that helps soothe their spirits.

4. WFH Break Bonus: Five Minutes of Training Fun

Working from home? Use those little breaks to your advantage! You don't need hours to make a difference. Even just five minutes of force-free training—like practicing a few basic cues or a fun new trick—can be immensely valuable. 

It strengthens your bond, reinforces desired behaviours, and helps your pup feel actively included and valued in your busy day.

5. Go on a 'Sniff-ari' (It's Self-Care for Both of You!)

When the workday is finally over, your instinct might be to rush through a quick walk. Instead, Sarah suggests taking a "sniff-ari": a slow, mindful walk where you let your dog guide the way.

Allow them to stop, smell every intriguing scent, and explore the world at their pace. For a dog, this deep olfactory exploration is as tiring and enriching as a long hike. For you, it doubles as self-care. This simple act of decompression and reconnection is not only essential for their emotional and mental well-being, but it’s also a powerful restorer for you after a stressful day.

The Secret Ingredient: Consistency Over Perfection

The biggest takeaway is that consistency is key. As Sarah emphasises, it’s not about doing everything perfectly every day.

"Every small action adds up... When your dog's needs are met, you'll see a whole lot more joy from both ends of the leash."

Some days you might have time for a long "sniff-ari," and others it might just be a short walk and a lick mat before your morning Zoom call. What truly matters is being intentional and making sure their needs are acknowledged, even in small ways. 

Give them these small bursts of attention, enrichment, and calm, and your best friend will thank you with endless devotion and a happily thumping tail.

About Sarah Rutten

For more expert advice on dog behaviour and force-free training, check out Sarah’s website and her book, The Canine Perspective: Using Force-Free Methods to Unleash Your Dog’s Paw-tential.

The Canine Perspective founder Sarah Rutten is not just another dog trainer – she's a thought leader pushing for real change in how humans and dogs understand. 

With a no-nonsense, science-backed approach, she's on a mission to educate dog owners, challenge outdated training myths, and advocate for ethical, force-free methods that strengthen the human-dog bond.

Follow Sarah Rutten and the Canine Perspective at: 

www.thecanineperspective.com.au

Connect on Facebook: @thecanineperspective or 

on Instagram: @thecanineperspective

Related Stories

Panic or Pacing? How to Know if Your Dog Needs a Sniffari or the VET

Dog Heaven: Build a Sensory Garden That Cures Anxiety & Restlessness

What a New Diagnostic System Means for Dog Lovers

Have you ever looked at your dog and wondered if their endless energy, inability to focus, or impulsive behaviour might be more than just a quirky personality trait? 

For years, the idea of a dog having something like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been debated. Now, a team of Hungarian ethologists has developed the first-ever standardised system to help answer that question.

The new research, conducted at Eötvös Loránd University and published in the journal Scientific Reports, is a major step forward for both veterinary science and pet owners.

What Does Dog ADHD Look Like?

Just like in humans, ADHD-like behaviours in dogs aren't just about having a lot of energy. The research focuses on three key areas:

• Inattention: Does your dog get easily distracted, have trouble concentrating on tasks, or seem to "space out"?

• Hyperactivity: Are they constantly fidgeting, moving, and difficult to calm down, even after a long walk?

• Impulsivity: Do they react rashly to new stimuli, jump on people without thinking, or have little self-control?

While many dogs show these behaviours, the key question is whether they negatively impact the dog's life. This is where the new diagnostic system really breaks new ground.

How Does the New System Work?

The Hungarian researchers used a tool called the “Dog ADHD and Functionality Rating Scale” (DAFRS), which was given to the owners of 1,872 family dogs. This comprehensive scale goes beyond just listing symptoms. It looks at two crucial things:

• Symptom Checklist: It measures the severity of the inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

• Functional Impairment: It assesses how much these behaviours interfere with the dog's daily life, such as their ability to learn, interact with their family, or get along with other dogs.

Using these two components, the researchers developed a clear set of criteria. For a dog to be considered "at-risk" for ADHD, they must score high on the symptom scale and show noticeable problems in at least one functional area.

Out of the nearly 1,900 dogs studied, 79 dogs—about 4.2%—met this criteria. The study's lead researcher, Dr. Márta Gácsi, commented on this result, saying:

“This prevalence rate is surprisingly similar to what has been reported in adults with ADHD, while the prevalence is somewhat higher in children and adolescents.”

What This Means for You and Your Dog

The new diagnostic system is a valuable tool for veterinarians and dog trainers. It helps them to:

• Move beyond guesswork: Instead of just treating a dog as "unruly," professionals can use this system to identify if the behaviours might be part of a larger issue.

• Create a clear path forward: Identifying at-risk dogs allows for more accurate and effective treatment and training plans, which can improve the well-being of both the dog and the owner.

• Rule out other problems: Since many behavioural issues can look similar, this multi-faceted approach—which also includes expert consultation and behavioural tests—helps ensure a correct diagnosis.

The researchers stress that the questionnaire alone isn't a final diagnosis, but it’s a crucial first step. If you suspect your furry friend may have these challenges, having an objective tool to start the conversation with your vet or a professional dog trainer is a fantastic step toward helping them live their happiest, healthiest life.

Reference

Csibra, B., Bunford, N. & Gácsi, M. Development of a human analogue ADHD diagnostic system for family dogs. Sci Rep 15, 25671 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09988-8

Related Stories

Taming the Tornado: 8 Lifesaving Tips for Your High-Energy Dog

Understanding Your Dog's Mind: Can They Have Mental Illness?

The Hidden Medical Reasons Behind Your Dog's Aggression

More Dogs Are Being Given Anti-Anxiety Meds, But Are We Addressing The Real Problem

The increasing number of dogs being prescribed anti-anxiety medication has raised alarm amongst the dog-loving community, and while these medications can be life-changing in the right context, leading dog behaviourist and bestselling author Sarah Rutten said the trend highlights a deeper problem dog owners need to face.

“This growing trend is saddening, but unfortunately, not surprising,” Sarah said. “We as dog guardians need to not only ask how to treat anxiety or behavioural issues, but also ask why our dogs are anxious in the first place.”

“Anxiety is a symptom, not the root cause of troubling behaviour in dogs. Whether it’s unmet needs, past trauma, poor socialisation or even undiagnosed health issues, we have to get curious about our dogs and take anxiety as a signal that something isn’t right in their world.”

Unpacking the Root Causes of Canine Anxiety: What’s Really Going On?

As founder of The Canine Perspective, a practice grounded in force-free, evidence-based dog training, Sarah has seen first-hand the dramatic rise in anxiety in dogs, particularly since the protracted lockdowns, and the subsequent surge in medicinal interventions.

“During the lockdowns, Aussies were spending far more time at home, and we also saw a rise in dog adoptions during this time,” Sarah said. “Understandably, people wanted to add a furry friend to the family during what was an incredibly tough and isolating time.”

“But due to the circumstances of that period, many of these dogs missed out on critical early socialisation with other dogs and people. Even five years later, I’m still seeing the fallout of this, manifesting as a double whammy of reactivity and separation anxiety.”

“Sadly, these dogs simply weren’t prepared for the world we now expect them to navigate.”

Sarah also points to the link between diet and gut health to canine behaviour.

“Much like in humans, the gut-brain connection plays a significant role in dogs,” she explains. “Imbalances in the gut microbiome, as well as undetected food sensitivities or allergies, can contribute to behavioural issues like anxiety and hyperactivity.”

“When a dog’s diet is better tailored to their individual needs, whether through improved nutrition, elimination of allergens or increased support for gut health, we often see a shift in behaviour as well.”

Adding to the challenge is the reality of time-poor owners, many of whom are juggling full-time work and various other commitments. This often translates to dogs being under-stimulated, under-exercised, and isolated for long periods.

“Dogs are social, intelligent beings. When their needs for connection, movement, and mental enrichment aren’t met, anxiety is often the result,” Sarah said.

Beyond training, diet, or exercise, Rutten highlights a more sobering reality: dogs often mirror our own emotional states. With anxiety and burnout affecting more and more Aussies, our dogs, attuned to our energy and behaviour, can internalise that stress.

“The household ecosystem matters. If stress is high and connection is low, dogs pick up on that,” Sarah said.

“Sometimes, the first step to helping your dog manage their anxiety and stress is checking in with yourself and your home environment.”

Anti-Anxiety Medication: Tool, Not Cure

As the use of anti-anxiety medication in dogs is becoming more common, Sarah emphasises that these medications should be viewed as a support tool, and not a standalone solution.

“When used thoughtfully and with the advice of a vet, anti-anxiety medication can be incredibly helpful for certain dogs,” Sarah said. 

“But it should never be used as a quick fix or band-aid.”

“The goal is to help the dog reach a ‘sub-threshold state’ where their brain is calm enough to think, process and learn.

“In dogs with acute anxiety, the amygdala – the emotion-processing centre of the brain – is in overdrive. Medication can help quieten the amygdala, so that the thinking part of the brain, the frontal lobe, and come back online.”

“Once the frontal lobe has kicked in, the dog can then have the capacity to learn and engage with behaviour modification and force-free training techniques, which will help them to manage anxiety long-term.”

Sarah said once the dog begins to respond to training, the long-term aim is often to gradually reduce or even discontinue the medication under veterinary supervision.

“Anti-anxiety medications must be part of a holistic plan, and never the whole plan,” Sarah said. 

“The hope is always that with the right support and training, we can eventually wean dogs off medication and help them feel safe and confident without it.”

The Role of Natural Support

Sarah also suggests that natural, vet-approved alternatives to pharmacological medicines could be an option for some dogs with mild to moderate anxiety.

“I worked with a dog experiencing moderate separation anxiety who was unable to be left alone whatsoever,” Sarah said.

“Her owners introduced a natural supplement designed to support the nervous system, while we followed a structured counter-conditioning plan through a series of consults.”

“Over a few months, the dog could be left alone for up to four hours comfortably, which was life-changing for her owners.”

Sarah says that while natural remedies aren't suitable for all cases, they can be effective when paired with behaviour modification and appropriate lifestyle changes.

“Whether it’s pharmaceutical or natural, the aim is the same: support the nervous system so the dog can feel safer in their world,” Sarah said.

Medication with Meaning: Maple’s Journey

Sarah worked with a young rescue dog, Maple, who had a history of trauma, anxiety and extreme reactivity. Adopted by her family at just 16 weeks of age, Maple had already experienced abuse and had bitten multiple people.

Despite having already tried several training approaches, Maple’s behaviour continued to deteriorate, prompting her new family to seek Sarah’s help.

With veterinary oversight, Maple was placed on anti-anxiety medication and Sarah then introduced a tailored desensitisation and counter-conditioning program to address her reactivity triggers.

“The medication helped quiet Maple’s nervous system enough that she could begin to learn,” Sarah said. 

“Eventually, she started bonding with her family, exploring new environments, and showing curiosity rather than panic.”

After consistent training, Maple’s medication was gradually reduced and eventually ceased, while her training and management routines continue. Maple’s guardians, once overwhelmed, are now able to take her on holidays.

“She became a calmer dog who felt more at ease with her surroundings, which was the ultimate goal,” Sarah said. “Not suppression, but growth.”

The Dog In Overdrive

Rutten also shared the story of a Staffordshire Terrier she worked with who was constantly in a state of nervous arousal.

“He was on high alert all the time and couldn’t settle or switch off,” Sarah said. “His nervous system was stuck in overdrive, and his behaviour was starting to impact the family.”

Through a combination of vet-guided medication and behaviour-modifying routines, Sarah said the Staffy began to show progress.

“After starting the medication, his brain was able to settle enough that we could teach him calming behaviours,” Sarah said. “Eventually, he was able to interact more gently with his loved ones and became part of the family again.”

So What Can We Do?

Sarah encourages dog guardians to take a holistic, compassionate approach towards supporting and managing canine anxiety:

✔️ Meet your dog’s needs: Physical exercise, mental enrichment, safe social opportunities, good sleep, and quality nutrition.

✔️ Check in with yourself: Your energy, stress, and routine affect your dog more than you think.

✔️ Work with professionals: A force-free trainer and vet can guide you toward the right plan.

✔️ Be patient: Behavioural change takes time. Celebrate the small wins.

✔️Explore support tools: When used appropriately and under the guidance of an experienced vet, and complemented by a holistic training and behaviour modification plan, the right medication could be life-changing for anxiety-ridden dogs.

Want to learn more about Sarah and her work? Head over to her website or get a copy of her book, The Canine Perspective: Using Force-Free Methods To Unleash Your Dog’s Pawtential.

About the author:

The Canine Perspective founder Sarah Rutten is not just another dog trainer – she's a thought leader pushing for real change in how humans and dogs understand. 

With a no-nonsense, science-backed approach, she's on a mission to educate dog owners, challenge outdated training myths, and advocate for ethical, force-free methods that strengthen the human-dog bond.

Follow Sarah Rutten and the Canine Perspective at: 

www.thecanineperspective.com.au

Facebook: @thecanineperspective
Instagram: @thecanineperspective

Related Stories:

The Realities of Rescue Dogs: Is Adopting Right for You?

A Guide to Dog Calming Supplements: What Works and Why?